本地英文版地址: ../en/scalability.html
ElasticSearch 是以始终可用和可按需扩容为目标来构建的。 它天生就是分布式的。 你可以将服务器(节点)添加到集群中以增加容量,Elasticsearch 会在所有可用节点上自动分配数据和查询负载。 无需大量调整应用程序,ElasticSearch 知道如何平衡多节点的集群以提供规模和高可用性。 节点越多越好。
这是怎么工作的呢? 实际上,一个 Elasticsearch 索引实际上只是一个或多个物理分片的逻辑分组,其中每个分片实际上是一个自包含(self-contained)的索引。 通过将索引中的文档分布在多个分片中,并将这些分片分布在多个节点上,Elasticsearch可以确保冗余,这既可以防止硬件故障,又可以通过向集群中增加节点来增加查询能力。 随着集群的增长(或收缩),Elasticsearch 会自动迁移分片以重新平衡集群。
有两种类型的分片:主分片和副本分片。 索引中的每个文档都属于一个主分片。 副本分片是主分片的一份拷贝。 副本提供数据的冗余拷贝以防止硬件故障,并能增加读请求(如搜索或检索文档)的处理能力。
一个索引中的主分片的数量在创建索引时就固定了,而副本分片的数量可以在任何时候改变,且不会中断索引或查询操作。
视情况而定 It depends…
关于给索引配置的分片大小和主分片数量,有许多性能上的考虑和权衡。 分片越多,维护这些索引的开销就越大。 当 Elasticsearch 需要重新平衡集群时,分片的大小越大,移动分片的时间就越长。
查询大量的小分片可以加快每个分片的处理速度,但更多的查询意味着更多的开销,因此查询少量的较大分片可能会更快。 简而言之,要视情况而定。
作为一个起点:
- 以保持分片的平均大小在数GB和数十GB之间为目标。 在基于时间的数据场景下,常见的分片大小在 20 GB 到 40 GB 的范围内。
- 避免大量分片的问题。 一个节点可以容纳的分片数量与可用的堆内存空间成正比。 通常的规则是,每 GB 堆内存空间的分片数量应该小于20。
确定用例的最佳配置的最好方法是使用你自己的数据和查询进行测试.
万一发生灾害
出于性能考虑,集群中的节点需要位于同一个网络中。 在集群中的位于不同数据中心的节点之间平衡分片的时间实在是太长了。 但是高可用性架构要求要避免将所有鸡蛋都放在一个篮子里。 在一个位置发生重大宕机的情况下,另一个位置的服务器需要能够无缝地接管。 答案是什么? 跨集群复制(CCR, Cross-cluster replication)。
跨集群复制(CCR)提供了一种将索引从主集群自动同步到作为热备份的远程的副集群的方法。 如果主集群失效,则副集群可以接管。 你还可以使用 CCR 创建副集群,以提供查询用户的地理位置附近的相关信息用例下的读请求。
跨集群复制采用主备模式(active-passive)。 主集群上的索引是活动的处理领导地位的索引,处理所有的写请求。 复制到副集群的索引都是只读的跟随者。
护理和喂养
与任何企业级系统一样,你需要工具来保护、管理和监视你的 Elasticsearch 集群。 Elasticsearch 中集成的安全、监视和管理功能使你能够使用 Kibana 作为管理集群的控制中心。 像 滚动数据 和 索引生命周期管理这样的特性可以帮助你随着时间的推移智能地管理数据。
- Elasticsearch权威指南: 其他版本:
- Elasticsearch是什么?
- 7.7版本的新特性
- 开始使用Elasticsearch
- 安装和设置
- 升级Elasticsearch
- 搜索你的数据
- 查询领域特定语言(Query DSL)
- SQL access(暂时不翻译)
- Overview
- Getting Started with SQL
- Conventions and Terminology
- Security
- SQL REST API
- SQL Translate API
- SQL CLI
- SQL JDBC
- SQL ODBC
- SQL Client Applications
- SQL Language
- Functions and Operators
- Comparison Operators
- Logical Operators
- Math Operators
- Cast Operators
- LIKE and RLIKE Operators
- Aggregate Functions
- Grouping Functions
- Date/Time and Interval Functions and Operators
- Full-Text Search Functions
- Mathematical Functions
- String Functions
- Type Conversion Functions
- Geo Functions
- Conditional Functions And Expressions
- System Functions
- Reserved keywords
- SQL Limitations
- 聚合
- 度量(metric)聚合
- 桶(bucket)聚合
- adjacency_matrix 聚合
- auto_date_histogram 聚合
- children 聚合
- composite 聚合
- date_histogram 聚合
- date_range 聚合
- diversified_sampler 聚合
- filter 聚合
- filters 聚合
- geo_distance 聚合
- geohash_grid 聚合
- geotile_grid 聚合
- global 聚合
- histogram 聚合
- ip_range 聚合
- missing 聚合
- nested 聚合
- parent 聚合
- range 聚合
- rare_terms 聚合
- reverse_nested 聚合
- sampler 聚合
- significant_terms 聚合
- significant_text 聚合
- terms 聚合
- 给范围字段分桶的微妙之处
- 管道(pipeline)聚合
- 矩阵(matrix)聚合
- 重度缓存的聚合
- 只返回聚合的结果
- 聚合元数据
- Returning the type of the aggregation
- 使用转换对聚合结果进行索引
- 脚本
- 映射
- 删除的映射类型
- 字段数据类型
- alias(别名)
- array(数组)
- binary(二进制)
- boolean(布尔)
- date(日期)
- date_nanos(日期纳秒)
- dense_vector(密集矢量)
- histogram(直方图)
- flattened(扁平)
- geo_point(地理坐标点)
- geo_shape(地理形状)
- IP
- join(联结)
- keyword(关键词)
- nested(嵌套)
- numeric(数值)
- object(对象)
- percolator(渗透器)
- range(范围)
- rank_feature(特征排名)
- rank_features(特征排名)
- search_as_you_type(输入即搜索)
- Sparse vector
- Text
- Token count
- Shape
- Constant keyword
- Meta-Fields
- Mapping parameters
- Dynamic Mapping
- Text analysis
- Overview
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- Configure text analysis
- Built-in analyzer reference
- Tokenizer reference
- Char Group Tokenizer
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- Keyword Tokenizer
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- Path Hierarchy Tokenizer Examples
- Pattern Tokenizer
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- Simple Pattern Split Tokenizer
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- Token filter reference
- Apostrophe
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- Dictionary decompounder
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- Hunspell
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- Keep types
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- Keyword marker
- Keyword repeat
- KStem
- Length
- Limit token count
- Lowercase
- MinHash
- Multiplexer
- N-gram
- Normalization
- Pattern capture
- Pattern replace
- Phonetic
- Porter stem
- Predicate script
- Remove duplicates
- Reverse
- Shingle
- Snowball
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- Stemmer override
- Stop
- Synonym
- Synonym graph
- Trim
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- Unique
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- Word delimiter
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- Character filters reference
- Normalizers
- Index modules
- Ingest node
- Pipeline Definition
- Accessing Data in Pipelines
- Conditional Execution in Pipelines
- Handling Failures in Pipelines
- Enrich your data
- Processors
- Append Processor
- Bytes Processor
- Circle Processor
- Convert Processor
- CSV Processor
- Date Processor
- Date Index Name Processor
- Dissect Processor
- Dot Expander Processor
- Drop Processor
- Enrich Processor
- Fail Processor
- Foreach Processor
- GeoIP Processor
- Grok Processor
- Gsub Processor
- HTML Strip Processor
- Inference Processor
- Join Processor
- JSON Processor
- KV Processor
- Lowercase Processor
- Pipeline Processor
- Remove Processor
- Rename Processor
- Script Processor
- Set Processor
- Set Security User Processor
- Split Processor
- Sort Processor
- Trim Processor
- Uppercase Processor
- URL Decode Processor
- User Agent processor
- ILM: Manage the index lifecycle
- Monitor a cluster
- Frozen indices
- Roll up or transform your data
- Set up a cluster for high availability
- Snapshot and restore
- Secure a cluster
- Overview
- Configuring security
- User authentication
- Built-in users
- Internal users
- Token-based authentication services
- Realms
- Realm chains
- Active Directory user authentication
- File-based user authentication
- LDAP user authentication
- Native user authentication
- OpenID Connect authentication
- PKI user authentication
- SAML authentication
- Kerberos authentication
- Integrating with other authentication systems
- Enabling anonymous access
- Controlling the user cache
- Configuring SAML single-sign-on on the Elastic Stack
- Configuring single sign-on to the Elastic Stack using OpenID Connect
- User authorization
- Built-in roles
- Defining roles
- Security privileges
- Document level security
- Field level security
- Granting privileges for indices and aliases
- Mapping users and groups to roles
- Setting up field and document level security
- Submitting requests on behalf of other users
- Configuring authorization delegation
- Customizing roles and authorization
- Enabling audit logging
- Encrypting communications
- Restricting connections with IP filtering
- Cross cluster search, clients, and integrations
- Tutorial: Getting started with security
- Tutorial: Encrypting communications
- Troubleshooting
- Some settings are not returned via the nodes settings API
- Authorization exceptions
- Users command fails due to extra arguments
- Users are frequently locked out of Active Directory
- Certificate verification fails for curl on Mac
- SSLHandshakeException causes connections to fail
- Common SSL/TLS exceptions
- Common Kerberos exceptions
- Common SAML issues
- Internal Server Error in Kibana
- Setup-passwords command fails due to connection failure
- Failures due to relocation of the configuration files
- Limitations
- Alerting on cluster and index events
- Command line tools
- How To
- Glossary of terms
- REST APIs
- API conventions
- cat APIs
- cat aliases
- cat allocation
- cat anomaly detectors
- cat count
- cat data frame analytics
- cat datafeeds
- cat fielddata
- cat health
- cat indices
- cat master
- cat nodeattrs
- cat nodes
- cat pending tasks
- cat plugins
- cat recovery
- cat repositories
- cat shards
- cat segments
- cat snapshots
- cat task management
- cat templates
- cat thread pool
- cat trained model
- cat transforms
- Cluster APIs
- Cluster allocation explain
- Cluster get settings
- Cluster health
- Cluster reroute
- Cluster state
- Cluster stats
- Cluster update settings
- Nodes feature usage
- Nodes hot threads
- Nodes info
- Nodes reload secure settings
- Nodes stats
- Pending cluster tasks
- Remote cluster info
- Task management
- Voting configuration exclusions
- Cross-cluster replication APIs
- Document APIs
- Enrich APIs
- Explore API
- Index APIs
- Add index alias
- Analyze
- Clear cache
- Clone index
- Close index
- Create index
- Delete index
- Delete index alias
- Delete index template
- Flush
- Force merge
- Freeze index
- Get field mapping
- Get index
- Get index alias
- Get index settings
- Get index template
- Get mapping
- Index alias exists
- Index exists
- Index recovery
- Index segments
- Index shard stores
- Index stats
- Index template exists
- Open index
- Put index template
- Put mapping
- Refresh
- Rollover index
- Shrink index
- Split index
- Synced flush
- Type exists
- Unfreeze index
- Update index alias
- Update index settings
- Index lifecycle management API
- Ingest APIs
- Info API
- Licensing APIs
- Machine learning anomaly detection APIs
- Add events to calendar
- Add jobs to calendar
- Close jobs
- Create jobs
- Create calendar
- Create datafeeds
- Create filter
- Delete calendar
- Delete datafeeds
- Delete events from calendar
- Delete filter
- Delete forecast
- Delete jobs
- Delete jobs from calendar
- Delete model snapshots
- Delete expired data
- Estimate model memory
- Find file structure
- Flush jobs
- Forecast jobs
- Get buckets
- Get calendars
- Get categories
- Get datafeeds
- Get datafeed statistics
- Get influencers
- Get jobs
- Get job statistics
- Get machine learning info
- Get model snapshots
- Get overall buckets
- Get scheduled events
- Get filters
- Get records
- Open jobs
- Post data to jobs
- Preview datafeeds
- Revert model snapshots
- Set upgrade mode
- Start datafeeds
- Stop datafeeds
- Update datafeeds
- Update filter
- Update jobs
- Update model snapshots
- Machine learning data frame analytics APIs
- Create data frame analytics jobs
- Create inference trained model
- Delete data frame analytics jobs
- Delete inference trained model
- Evaluate data frame analytics
- Explain data frame analytics API
- Get data frame analytics jobs
- Get data frame analytics jobs stats
- Get inference trained model
- Get inference trained model stats
- Start data frame analytics jobs
- Stop data frame analytics jobs
- Migration APIs
- Reload search analyzers
- Rollup APIs
- Search APIs
- Security APIs
- Authenticate
- Change passwords
- Clear cache
- Clear roles cache
- Create API keys
- Create or update application privileges
- Create or update role mappings
- Create or update roles
- Create or update users
- Delegate PKI authentication
- Delete application privileges
- Delete role mappings
- Delete roles
- Delete users
- Disable users
- Enable users
- Get API key information
- Get application privileges
- Get builtin privileges
- Get role mappings
- Get roles
- Get token
- Get users
- Has privileges
- Invalidate API key
- Invalidate token
- OpenID Connect Prepare Authentication API
- OpenID Connect authenticate API
- OpenID Connect logout API
- SAML prepare authentication API
- SAML authenticate API
- SAML logout API
- SAML invalidate API
- SSL certificate
- Snapshot and restore APIs
- Snapshot lifecycle management API
- Transform APIs
- Usage API
- Watcher APIs
- Definitions
- Breaking changes
- Release notes
- Elasticsearch version 7.7.1
- Elasticsearch version 7.7.0
- Elasticsearch version 7.6.2
- Elasticsearch version 7.6.1
- Elasticsearch version 7.6.0
- Elasticsearch version 7.5.2
- Elasticsearch version 7.5.1
- Elasticsearch version 7.5.0
- Elasticsearch version 7.4.2
- Elasticsearch version 7.4.1
- Elasticsearch version 7.4.0
- Elasticsearch version 7.3.2
- Elasticsearch version 7.3.1
- Elasticsearch version 7.3.0
- Elasticsearch version 7.2.1
- Elasticsearch version 7.2.0
- Elasticsearch version 7.1.1
- Elasticsearch version 7.1.0
- Elasticsearch version 7.0.0
- Elasticsearch version 7.0.0-rc2
- Elasticsearch version 7.0.0-rc1
- Elasticsearch version 7.0.0-beta1
- Elasticsearch version 7.0.0-alpha2
- Elasticsearch version 7.0.0-alpha1